Components and entities
In this section we will create our components, we'll see how to create entities and register everything to keep specs happy.
Defining components
Let's start by defining components. We previously discussed Position, Renderable and Movement - we'll skip movement for now. We will also need some components to identify each entity - for example we will need a Wall component so we can identify an entity as a wall by the fact that it has a wall component.
This should hopefully be straight-forward, the position components stores the x, y and z coordinates which will tell us where something is on the map, and the renderable component will receive a string path pointing to an image which we can render. All other components are marker components, with no data (yet).
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { #[derive(Debug, Component, Clone, Copy)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Position { x: u8, y: u8, z: u8, } #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Renderable { path: String, } #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Wall {} #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Player {} #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Box {} #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct BoxSpot {} }
Among the familiar Rust code we've got some new syntax, we're using a powerful Rust feature called Procedural Macros which is used in #[storage(VecStorage)]. These type of macros are essentially functions that at compile time consume some syntax and produce some new syntax.
MORE: Read more about procedural macros here.
Registering components
In order for specs to be happy we have to tell it ahead of time what components we will be using. Let's create a function to register components into specs.
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { pub fn register_components(world: &mut World) { world.register::<Position>(); world.register::<Renderable>(); world.register::<Player>(); world.register::<Wall>(); world.register::<Box>(); world.register::<BoxSpot>(); } }
Creating entities
An entity is simply a numeric identifier tied to a set of components. So the way we'll create entities is by simply specifying which components they contain.
This is how entity creation looks now.
#![allow(unused)] fn main() { pub fn create_wall(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 10, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/wall.png".to_string(), }) .with(Wall {}) .build(); } pub fn create_floor(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 5, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/floor.png".to_string(), }) .build(); } pub fn create_box(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 10, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/box.png".to_string(), }) .with(Box {}) .build(); } pub fn create_box_spot(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 9, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/box_spot.png".to_string(), }) .with(BoxSpot {}) .build(); } pub fn create_player(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 10, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/player.png".to_string(), }) .with(Player {}) .build(); } }
Assets
You might have noticed we are referencing the assets we will be using above in the entity creation. You are free to create your own assets or download the ones I am using which you can find right below (simply right click and save as image).
Let's add the images to our project. We'll add a resources folder which will hold all our resources, for now this will only be images but in the future we will have other types of resources, like configuration files and/or audio files (keep going and you'll learn all about playing sounds in Chapter 3.3 - Sounds and events). We'll also add an images folder and place our pngs there, it should look like something like this. You can also use a different folder structure if you wish so, just make sure to use the right paths further down in this section when we'll be using the images.
├── resources
│ └── images
│ ├── box.png
│ ├── box_spot.png
│ ├── floor.png
│ ├── player.png
│ └── wall.png
├── src
│ └── main.rs
└── Cargo.toml
World creation
Finally, let's tie everything together. We'll need to create a specs::World object, we'll add that to our Game struct and we will initialize it first thing in our main. Here is the full code, running now should render the same blank window, but we've made tremendous progress in actually setting up our game components and entities! Next up, we'll get to rendering so we'll finally see something on screen!
// Rust sokoban // main.rs use ggez::{conf, event, Context, GameResult}; use specs::{Builder, Component, VecStorage, World, WorldExt}; use std::path; // Components #[derive(Debug, Component, Clone, Copy)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Position { x: u8, y: u8, z: u8, } #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Renderable { path: String, } #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Wall {} #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Player {} #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct Box {} #[derive(Component)] #[storage(VecStorage)] pub struct BoxSpot {} // This struct will hold all our game state // For now there is nothing to be held, but we'll add // things shortly. struct Game { world: World, } impl event::EventHandler<ggez::GameError> for Game { fn update(&mut self, _context: &mut Context) -> GameResult { Ok(()) } fn draw(&mut self, _context: &mut Context) -> GameResult { Ok(()) } } // Register components with the world pub fn register_components(world: &mut World) { world.register::<Position>(); world.register::<Renderable>(); world.register::<Player>(); world.register::<Wall>(); world.register::<Box>(); world.register::<BoxSpot>(); } // Create a wall entity pub fn create_wall(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 10, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/wall.png".to_string(), }) .with(Wall {}) .build(); } pub fn create_floor(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 5, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/floor.png".to_string(), }) .build(); } pub fn create_box(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 10, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/box.png".to_string(), }) .with(Box {}) .build(); } pub fn create_box_spot(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 9, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/box_spot.png".to_string(), }) .with(BoxSpot {}) .build(); } pub fn create_player(world: &mut World, position: Position) { world .create_entity() .with(Position { z: 10, ..position }) .with(Renderable { path: "/images/player.png".to_string(), }) .with(Player {}) .build(); } pub fn main() -> GameResult { let mut world = World::new(); register_components(&mut world); // Create a game context and event loop let context_builder = ggez::ContextBuilder::new("rust_sokoban", "sokoban") .window_setup(conf::WindowSetup::default().title("Rust Sokoban!")) .window_mode(conf::WindowMode::default().dimensions(800.0, 600.0)) .add_resource_path(path::PathBuf::from("./resources")); let (context, event_loop) = context_builder.build()?; // Create the game state let game = Game { world }; // Run the main event loop event::run(context, event_loop, game) }
Note that running now will report some warnings in the console about unused import(s) and/or fields, don't worry about these just yet as we'll fix them in the coming chapters.
CODELINK: You can see the full code in this example here.